Commentary: Age and breast cancer, and cardiometabolic comorbidities, September 2023

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Overdiagnosis — defined as cancer detection, often through screening, that would not have led to symptoms during one’s lifetime — can be an issue associated with breast cancer screening in older women. Observational data have shown that continuing screening past age 75 years does not lead to substantial reductions in breast cancer mortality.¹ A retrospective cohort study using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare registry, including 54,635 women ≥ 70 years of age, compared the cumulative incidence of breast cancer among older women who continued screening with those who did not and demonstrated that the relative risk for overdiagnosis increases with older age and lower life expectancy (Richman et al). The cumulative incidence of breast cancer was 6.1 vs 4.2 cases per 100 screened vs unscreened women among those aged 70-74 years, with an estimated 31% potentially overdiagnosed in the screened group. For women aged 75-84 years and ≥ 85 years, the estimated rates of breast cancer overdiagnosis were 47% and 54%, respectively. Furthermore, screening did not lead to a statistically significant difference in breast cancer–specific mortality in any of these age groups. The risks and benefits of breast cancer screening should be fully discussed with patients, and this decision-making process should consider a woman’s preference, comorbidities, and willingness to undergo specific treatments.

Studies have shown that breast cancer survivors have increased rates of age-related conditions, including cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis among others, therefore postulating that the biological aging process may be accelerated in this population.² Among 417 women enrolled in the prospective Sister Study cohort, paired blood samples collected an average of 7.7 years apart compared three epigenetic metrics of biological aging (calculated on the basis of DNA methylation data) between women who were diagnosed and treated for breast cancer (n = 190) vs those who remained breast cancer–free (n = 227) (Kresovich et al). Women diagnosed and treated for breast cancer had higher biological aging metrics than women who were cancer-free at the time of follow-up: PhenoAgeAccel³ (standardized mean difference [β] = 0.13; P = .04), GrimAgeAccel⁴ (β = 0.14; P = .01), and DunedinPACE⁵ (β = 0.37; P < .001). Regarding breast cancer therapies received, the increases in biological aging were most striking for those women who underwent radiation. The effect of cancer treatments, specifically chemotherapy and radiation, on DNA methylation profiles and accelerating the aging process has been demonstrated in prior studies as well.⁶ Future research should strive to improve our understanding of the specific mechanisms underlying these age-related changes, identify ways to affect those which are modifiable, and positively influence long-term cognitive and functional consequences.

The association between cardiometabolic abnormalities, including obesity, hyperinsulinemia, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, and an elevated breast cancer risk has been demonstrated in various studies.⁷ Furthermore, dysregulation of obesity-related proteins plays a role in breast cancer development and progression. A study by Xu and colleagues evaluated the temporal relationships and longitudinal associations of body mass index (BMI), cardiometabolic risk score (CRS), and obesity-related protein score (OPS) among 444 healthy women in a breast cancer screening cohort. After adjustment for demographics, lifestyle, and reproductive factors, a 1-kg/m² increase in BMI per year increased CRS in both premenopausal (0.057 unit; P = .025) and postmenopausal women (0.054 unit; P = .033) and increased OPS by 0.588 unit (P = .001) in postmenopausal women. A significant association was also observed between CRS and OPS in postmenopausal women (β = 0.281; P = .034). These results support the importance of weight management and its effect on cardiometabolic and obesity-related parameters in breast cancer prevention. Research focused on lifestyle interventions to modify risk factors and effective implementation of these techniques will contribute to further reducing breast cancer risk.

Additional References

1. García-Albéniz X, Hernán MA, Logan RW, et al. Continuation of annual screening mammography and breast cancer mortality in women older than 70 years. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172(6):381-389. doi: 10.7326/M18-1199
2. Greenlee H, Iribarren C, Rana JS, et al. Risk of cardiovascular disease in women with and without breast cancer: The Pathways Heart Study. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(15):1647-1658. doi: 10.1200/JCO.21.01736
3. Levine ME, Lu AT, Quach A, et al. An epigenetic biomarker of aging for lifespan and healthspan. Aging (Albany NY). 2018;10(4):573-591. doi: 10.18632/aging.101414
4. Lu AT, Quach A, Wilson JG, et al. DNA methylation GrimAge strongly predicts lifespan and healthspan. Aging (Albany NY). 2019;11(2):303-327. doi: 10.18632/aging.101684
5. Belsky DW, Caspi A, Corcoran DL, et al. DunedinPACE, a DNA methylation biomarker of the pace of aging. eLife. 2022:11:e73420. doi: 10.7554/eLife.73420
6. Sehl ME, Carroll JE, Horvath S, Bower JE. The acute effects of adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy on peripheral blood epigenetic age in early stage breast cancer patients. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2020;6:23. doi: 10.1038/s41523-020-0161-3
7. Nouri M, Mohsenpour MA, Katsiki N, et al. Effect of serum lipid profile on the risk of breast cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis of 1,628,871 women. J Clin Med. 2022;11(15):4503. doi: 10.3390/jcm11154503

roesch_erin_headshot_1_0_0_0_0.jpg

Overdiagnosis — defined as cancer detection, often through screening, that would not have led to symptoms during one’s lifetime — can be an issue associated with breast cancer screening in older women. Observational data have shown that continuing screening past age 75 years does not lead to substantial reductions in breast cancer mortality.¹ A retrospective cohort study using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare registry, including 54,635 women ≥ 70 years of age, compared the cumulative incidence of breast cancer among older women who continued screening with those who did not and demonstrated that the relative risk for overdiagnosis increases with older age and lower life expectancy (Richman et al). The cumulative incidence of breast cancer was 6.1 vs 4.2 cases per 100 screened vs unscreened women among those aged 70-74 years, with an estimated 31% potentially overdiagnosed in the screened group. For women aged 75-84 years and ≥ 85 years, the estimated rates of breast cancer overdiagnosis were 47% and 54%, respectively. Furthermore, screening did not lead to a statistically significant difference in breast cancer–specific mortality in any of these age groups. The risks and benefits of breast cancer screening should be fully discussed with patients, and this decision-making process should consider a woman’s preference, comorbidities, and willingness to undergo specific treatments.

Studies have shown that breast cancer survivors have increased rates of age-related conditions, including cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis among others, therefore postulating that the biological aging process may be accelerated in this population.² Among 417 women enrolled in the prospective Sister Study cohort, paired blood samples collected an average of 7.7 years apart compared three epigenetic metrics of biological aging (calculated on the basis of DNA methylation data) between women who were diagnosed and treated for breast cancer (n = 190) vs those who remained breast cancer–free (n = 227) (Kresovich et al). Women diagnosed and treated for breast cancer had higher biological aging metrics than women who were cancer-free at the time of follow-up: PhenoAgeAccel³ (standardized mean difference [β] = 0.13; P = .04), GrimAgeAccel⁴ (β = 0.14; P = .01), and DunedinPACE⁵ (β = 0.37; P < .001). Regarding breast cancer therapies received, the increases in biological aging were most striking for those women who underwent radiation. The effect of cancer treatments, specifically chemotherapy and radiation, on DNA methylation profiles and accelerating the aging process has been demonstrated in prior studies as well.⁶ Future research should strive to improve our understanding of the specific mechanisms underlying these age-related changes, identify ways to affect those which are modifiable, and positively influence long-term cognitive and functional consequences.

The association between cardiometabolic abnormalities, including obesity, hyperinsulinemia, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, and an elevated breast cancer risk has been demonstrated in various studies.⁷ Furthermore, dysregulation of obesity-related proteins plays a role in breast cancer development and progression. A study by Xu and colleagues evaluated the temporal relationships and longitudinal associations of body mass index (BMI), cardiometabolic risk score (CRS), and obesity-related protein score (OPS) among 444 healthy women in a breast cancer screening cohort. After adjustment for demographics, lifestyle, and reproductive factors, a 1-kg/m² increase in BMI per year increased CRS in both premenopausal (0.057 unit; P = .025) and postmenopausal women (0.054 unit; P = .033) and increased OPS by 0.588 unit (P = .001) in postmenopausal women. A significant association was also observed between CRS and OPS in postmenopausal women (β = 0.281; P = .034). These results support the importance of weight management and its effect on cardiometabolic and obesity-related parameters in breast cancer prevention. Research focused on lifestyle interventions to modify risk factors and effective implementation of these techniques will contribute to further reducing breast cancer risk.

Additional References

1. García-Albéniz X, Hernán MA, Logan RW, et al. Continuation of annual screening mammography and breast cancer mortality in women older than 70 years. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172(6):381-389. doi: 10.7326/M18-1199
2. Greenlee H, Iribarren C, Rana JS, et al. Risk of cardiovascular disease in women with and without breast cancer: The Pathways Heart Study. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(15):1647-1658. doi: 10.1200/JCO.21.01736
3. Levine ME, Lu AT, Quach A, et al. An epigenetic biomarker of aging for lifespan and healthspan. Aging (Albany NY). 2018;10(4):573-591. doi: 10.18632/aging.101414
4. Lu AT, Quach A, Wilson JG, et al. DNA methylation GrimAge strongly predicts lifespan and healthspan. Aging (Albany NY). 2019;11(2):303-327. doi: 10.18632/aging.101684
5. Belsky DW, Caspi A, Corcoran DL, et al. DunedinPACE, a DNA methylation biomarker of the pace of aging. eLife. 2022:11:e73420. doi: 10.7554/eLife.73420
6. Sehl ME, Carroll JE, Horvath S, Bower JE. The acute effects of adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy on peripheral blood epigenetic age in early stage breast cancer patients. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2020;6:23. doi: 10.1038/s41523-020-0161-3
7. Nouri M, Mohsenpour MA, Katsiki N, et al. Effect of serum lipid profile on the risk of breast cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis of 1,628,871 women. J Clin Med. 2022;11(15):4503. doi: 10.3390/jcm11154503

roesch_erin_headshot_1_0_0_0_0.jpg

Overdiagnosis — defined as cancer detection, often through screening, that would not have led to symptoms during one’s lifetime — can be an issue associated with breast cancer screening in older women. Observational data have shown that continuing screening past age 75 years does not lead to substantial reductions in breast cancer mortality.¹ A retrospective cohort study using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare registry, including 54,635 women ≥ 70 years of age, compared the cumulative incidence of breast cancer among older women who continued screening with those who did not and demonstrated that the relative risk for overdiagnosis increases with older age and lower life expectancy (Richman et al). The cumulative incidence of breast cancer was 6.1 vs 4.2 cases per 100 screened vs unscreened women among those aged 70-74 years, with an estimated 31% potentially overdiagnosed in the screened group. For women aged 75-84 years and ≥ 85 years, the estimated rates of breast cancer overdiagnosis were 47% and 54%, respectively. Furthermore, screening did not lead to a statistically significant difference in breast cancer–specific mortality in any of these age groups. The risks and benefits of breast cancer screening should be fully discussed with patients, and this decision-making process should consider a woman’s preference, comorbidities, and willingness to undergo specific treatments.

Studies have shown that breast cancer survivors have increased rates of age-related conditions, including cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis among others, therefore postulating that the biological aging process may be accelerated in this population.² Among 417 women enrolled in the prospective Sister Study cohort, paired blood samples collected an average of 7.7 years apart compared three epigenetic metrics of biological aging (calculated on the basis of DNA methylation data) between women who were diagnosed and treated for breast cancer (n = 190) vs those who remained breast cancer–free (n = 227) (Kresovich et al). Women diagnosed and treated for breast cancer had higher biological aging metrics than women who were cancer-free at the time of follow-up: PhenoAgeAccel³ (standardized mean difference [β] = 0.13; P = .04), GrimAgeAccel⁴ (β = 0.14; P = .01), and DunedinPACE⁵ (β = 0.37; P < .001). Regarding breast cancer therapies received, the increases in biological aging were most striking for those women who underwent radiation. The effect of cancer treatments, specifically chemotherapy and radiation, on DNA methylation profiles and accelerating the aging process has been demonstrated in prior studies as well.⁶ Future research should strive to improve our understanding of the specific mechanisms underlying these age-related changes, identify ways to affect those which are modifiable, and positively influence long-term cognitive and functional consequences.

The association between cardiometabolic abnormalities, including obesity, hyperinsulinemia, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, and an elevated breast cancer risk has been demonstrated in various studies.⁷ Furthermore, dysregulation of obesity-related proteins plays a role in breast cancer development and progression. A study by Xu and colleagues evaluated the temporal relationships and longitudinal associations of body mass index (BMI), cardiometabolic risk score (CRS), and obesity-related protein score (OPS) among 444 healthy women in a breast cancer screening cohort. After adjustment for demographics, lifestyle, and reproductive factors, a 1-kg/m² increase in BMI per year increased CRS in both premenopausal (0.057 unit; P = .025) and postmenopausal women (0.054 unit; P = .033) and increased OPS by 0.588 unit (P = .001) in postmenopausal women. A significant association was also observed between CRS and OPS in postmenopausal women (β = 0.281; P = .034). These results support the importance of weight management and its effect on cardiometabolic and obesity-related parameters in breast cancer prevention. Research focused on lifestyle interventions to modify risk factors and effective implementation of these techniques will contribute to further reducing breast cancer risk.

Additional References

1. García-Albéniz X, Hernán MA, Logan RW, et al. Continuation of annual screening mammography and breast cancer mortality in women older than 70 years. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172(6):381-389. doi: 10.7326/M18-1199
2. Greenlee H, Iribarren C, Rana JS, et al. Risk of cardiovascular disease in women with and without breast cancer: The Pathways Heart Study. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(15):1647-1658. doi: 10.1200/JCO.21.01736
3. Levine ME, Lu AT, Quach A, et al. An epigenetic biomarker of aging for lifespan and healthspan. Aging (Albany NY). 2018;10(4):573-591. doi: 10.18632/aging.101414
4. Lu AT, Quach A, Wilson JG, et al. DNA methylation GrimAge strongly predicts lifespan and healthspan. Aging (Albany NY). 2019;11(2):303-327. doi: 10.18632/aging.101684
5. Belsky DW, Caspi A, Corcoran DL, et al. DunedinPACE, a DNA methylation biomarker of the pace of aging. eLife. 2022:11:e73420. doi: 10.7554/eLife.73420
6. Sehl ME, Carroll JE, Horvath S, Bower JE. The acute effects of adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy on peripheral blood epigenetic age in early stage breast cancer patients. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2020;6:23. doi: 10.1038/s41523-020-0161-3
7. Nouri M, Mohsenpour MA, Katsiki N, et al. Effect of serum lipid profile on the risk of breast cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis of 1,628,871 women. J Clin Med. 2022;11(15):4503. doi: 10.3390/jcm11154503